Some of the famous works of Persian literature from the Middle Ages are the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, the works of Rumi, the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, the Panj Ganj of Nizami Ganjavi, The Divān of Hafez, The Conference of the Birds by Attar of Nishapur, and the miscellanea of Gulistan and Bustan by Saadi Shirazi. It also exerted some influence on Arabic, while borrowing a lot of vocabulary from it in the Middle Ages.
It influenced languages spoken in neighboring regions and beyond, including other Iranian languages, the Turkic languages, Armenian, Georgian, and the Indo-Aryan languages. It was used officially as a language of bureaucracy even by non-native speakers, such as the Ottomans in Anatolia, the Mughals in South Asia, and the Pashtuns in Afghanistan. Persian was the first language to break through the monopoly of Arabic on writing in the Muslim world, with Persian poetry becoming a tradition in many eastern courts. New Persian literature was first recorded in the ninth century, after the Muslim conquest of Persia, since then adopting the Arabic script. Middle Persian is attested in Aramaic-derived scripts ( Pahlavi and Manichaean) on inscriptions and in Zoroastrian and Manichaean scriptures from between the third to the tenth centuries ( See Middle Persian literature). Old Persian is attested in Old Persian cuneiform on inscriptions from between the 6th and 4th century BC. Throughout history, Persian was used as a prestigious language by various empires centered in Western Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. Its grammar is similar to that of many European languages. It originated in the region of Fars ( Persia) in southwestern Iran. Modern Persian is a continuation of Middle Persian, an official language of the Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE), itself a continuation of Old Persian, which was used in the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE). It is written officially within Iran and Afghanistan in the Persian alphabet, a derivation of the Arabic script, and within Tajikistan in the Tajik alphabet, a derivation of the Cyrillic script. It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within Uzbekistan, as well as within other regions with a Persianate history in the cultural sphere of Greater Iran. Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken and used officially within Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan in three mutually intelligible standard varieties, namely Iranian Persian (officially known as Persian), Dari Persian (officially known as Dari since 1964) and Tajiki Persian (officially known as Tajik since 1999). Persian ( / ˈ p ɜːr ʒ ən, - ʃ ən/), also known by its endonym Farsi ( فارسی, Fārsī, ( listen)), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols.
0 kommentar(er)
